The evolution of online ideological communities.

Online communities are virtual spaces for users to share interests, support others, and to exchange knowledge and information. Understanding user behavior is valuable to organizations and has applications from marketing to security, for instance, identifying leaders within a community or predicting future behavior. In the present research, we seek to understand the various roles that users adopt in online communities-for instance, who leads the conversation? Who are the supporters? We examine user role changes over time and the pathways that users follow. This allows us to explore the differences between users who progress to leadership positions and users who fail to develop influence. We also reflect on how user role proportions impact the overall health of the community. Here, we examine two online ideological communities, RevLeft and Islamic Awakening (N = 1631; N = 849), and provide a novel approach to identify various types of users. Finally, we study user role trajectories over time and identify community "leaders" from meta-data alone. Study One examined both communities using K-MEANS cluster analysis of behavioral meta-data, which revealed seven user roles. We then mapped these roles against Preece and Schneiderman's (2009) Reader-to-Leader Framework (RtLF). Both communities aligned with the RtLF, where most users were "contributors", many were "collaborators", and few were "leaders". Study Two looked at one community over a two-year period and found that, despite a high churn rate of users, roles were stable over time. We built a model of user role transitions over the two years. This can be used to predict user role changes in the future, which will have implications for community managers and security focused contexts (e.g., analyzing behavioral meta-data from forums and websites known to be associated with illicit activity).

[Preventing violence during hospitalisations in psychiatry]. / Prévenir les moments de violence lors des hospitalisations en psychiatrie.

Over recent years, the psychiatric sector has endeavoured to develop community-based care. Paradoxically, the number of compulsory hospitalisations is increasing. At the same time, the legal framework is evolving and measures relating to the deprivation of liberty in the context of psychiatric care have given rise to extensive guidelines. The work of the French National Health Authority represents, in this context, a certain continuity, with regard to the legal, ethical and social discussions around restriction of liberty practices within psychiatric units. The main focus is on the prevention and management of violent outbursts.

From ENERCA to the establishment of a European Reference Network of centres of expertise in Rare Hematological diseases: potential ethical issues impacting on its implementation

Due to the scarcity of patients and knowledge, rare diseases, affecting less than 1 in 2000 individuals, are the area in public health in which joint efforts among European Member States is most justified and crucial. The Directive 2011/24/EU on cross border health establishes the creation of European Reference Network (ERN) based on national recognized Centres of Expertise aiming to ensure the same level of access to health services of European citizens affected by a rare disease. Haematological diseases involve a large group of complex rare diseases affecting the normal process of blood cell growth and development. From these, rare anaemias are leading to chronic complications that severely undermine the quality of life of patients or lead to an early death. ENERCA, the European Network for Rare and Congenital Anaemias was established in 2002 and recognized by the EC as one of the ten pilots ERNs in 2008 for the tackle of rare anaemias (RAs) by promoting policies leading to reduce inequalities in the medical care across EU. Based on this networking experience, EuroBloodNet proposal was submitted to the first call for interest to establish a ERN launched by the EC last March 2016. The final outcome of EuroBloodNet is to guarantee that European citizens affected by a RHD benefit from the same level of highly specialised care, thereby improving their overall quality of life independently from the patient's country of origin or country of professional practice. In the process of development of an ERN such as EuroBloodNet, one of the main concerns is the legal issues that may arise when establishing cross border health services and ensuring their accessibility across the EU. Crucial fields requiring legal and ethical action have been identified within EuroBloodNet proposal as cornerstone for its success: Patients' rights and access to cross border health services, data protection and safe and security exchange of data, rights and duties of health professionals involved in cross border health services, health services suitable for reimbursement at the Member State level and the need of a pan European framework for the exchange of human samples for diagnosis and research

Debido a la escasez de pacientes y de conocimiento, las enfermedades raras, que afectan a menos de 1 de cada 2000 personas, son el área de la salud pública en la que el trabajo conjunto entre los Estados miembros de la UE está más justificada y resulta crucial. La Directiva 2011/24/UE sobre asistencia sanitaria transfronteriza establece la creación de una Red de Referencia Europea en base a los Centros nacionales reconocidas de referencia con el objetivo de garantizar el mismo nivel de acceso a los servicios de salud de los ciudadanos europeos afectados por una enfermedad rara. Las enfermedades hematológicas comprenden un gran grupo de enfermedades raras complejas que afectan el proceso normal de crecimiento de las células de la sangre y al desarrollo. De éstas, las anemias raras están dando lugar a complicaciones crónicas que socavan gravemente la calidad de vida de los pacientes o llevan a una muerte temprana. ENERCA, la Red Europea para la Anemia Rara y Congénita, fue fundada en 2002 y reconocida por la CE como una de las diez Redes piloto de Referencia Europeas en 2008 para tartar las anemias raras mediante la promoción de políticas que lleven a reducir las desigualdades en la atención médica en toda la UE. En base a esta experiencia en creación de redes, la propuesta EuroBloodNet se presentó a la primera convocatoria de interés para establecer una Red de Referencia Europea impulsada por la Comisión Europea en marzo de 2016. El propósito final de EuroBloodNet es garantizar que los ciudadanos europeos afectados por una Enfermedad Hematológica Rara se beneficien del mismo nivel de atención altamente especializada, mejorando así su calidad de vida en general independientemente del país de origen del paciente o de la práctica professional del país. En el proceso de desarrollo de una Red de Referencia Europea como EuroBloodNet, una de las principales preocupaciones es la referente a los problemas legales que pueden surgir cuando se establecen servicios de salud transfronterizos y cuando se garantiza su accesibilidad en toda la UE. Son áreas cruciales que requieren una acción legal y ética y que han sido identificadas dentro de la propuesta EuroBloodNet como piedra angular de su éxito: los derechos de los pacientes y el acceso a los servicios transfronterizos de salud, la protección de datos y el intercambio seguro y la seguridad de los datos, los derechos y deberes de los profesionales sanitarios implicados en los servicios de salud transfronterizos, servicios de salud adecuados para el reembolso en los Estados miembros y la necesidad de un marco paneuropeo para el intercambio de muestras humanas para el diagnóstico y la investigación

Trust-based access control model from sociological approach in dynamic online social network environment.

There has been an explosive increase in the population of the OSN (online social network) in recent years. The OSN provides users with many opportunities to communicate among friends and family. Further, it facilitates developing new relationships with previously unknown people having similar beliefs or interests. However, the OSN can expose users to adverse effects such as privacy breaches, the disclosing of uncontrolled material, and the disseminating of false information. Traditional access control models such as MAC, DAC, and RBAC are applied to the OSN to address these problems. However, these models are not suitable for the dynamic OSN environment because user behavior in the OSN is unpredictable and static access control imposes a burden on the users to change the access control rules individually. We propose a dynamic trust-based access control for the OSN to address the problems of the traditional static access control. Moreover, we provide novel criteria to evaluate trust factors such as sociological approach and evaluate a method to calculate the dynamic trust values. The proposed method can monitor negative behavior and modify access permission levels dynamically to prevent the indiscriminate disclosure of information.

Sustainability and the principle of respect for community as a means of enhancing healthcare equality.

Global short-term dental or medical volunteerism has grown significantly in recent years. Dental and medical schools, their faculty, and students, are becoming increasingly interested in the experience of providing care to individuals in low-resource communities around the world. A laudable goal of such care is to provide care to individuals in low-resource communities and to work to achieve equity in health for all people. These goals are consistent with the American Dental Association's ethical principles of justice, beneficence, and nonmaleficence. This paper will discuss ethical guidelines for conducting these volunteer experiences with an emphasis placed on sustainability--the provision of ongoing collaborative care, between the institution overseeing the experience and the local community, after the visiting group has departed. The ultimate goal, global health care equity, requires transforming these shortterm efforts into long-term sustainable solutions. This goal is based on an ethical principle entitled respect for communities. This ethic can be likened to a community-wide application of the ethic of respect for autonomy as routinely applied to individuals such as patients. A tripartite model is proposed as a means for transforming short-term efforts into long-term sustainable solutions.

A road map to building ethics capacity in the home and community care and support services sector.

There are unique ethical issues that arise in home and community care because of its locus and range of service. However, the academic literature on ethical issues in the sector of home and community care and support remains minimal. Opportunities for education, collaboration and exchange among professionals and care providers are also severely limited. Although the proposed solution of developing ethics capacity in the home care setting is over 20 years old, only modest progress had been made until recently. This article introduces the Community Ethics Network (CEN), a replicable network of home and community care agencies in the Greater Toronto Area. Its achievements can be attributed to a commitment to work toward a common approach to ethical decision-making and to a focus on education, case reviews and policy development. CEN has produced numerous positive outcomes; key among these is the development and delivery of standardized training on ethics to more than 2,000 front-line staff of diverse backgrounds/professions and representing over 40 different organizations.

El trabajo en redes y las oportunidades de desarrollo infantil en Uruguay / Networking and the opportunities of child development in Uruguay

Uruguay es un país de características particulares dentro del concierto americano. Presenta una pirámide poblacional envejecida, alta expectativa de vida al nacer, buenos indicadores de alfabetización, baja tasa de fecundidad, uno de los mejores indicadores de mortalidad infantil de la región, pero aun así se han consolidado núcleos de población, constituida por niños y niñas que no tienen real acceso a profesionales de la salud. Desde la Red de Enfermería en Salud Infantil (OPS/OMS) se han comenzado a realizar intervenciones específicas con el objetivo de contribuir a mejorar una realidad que no podemos ignorar(AU)

Uruguay is a country of particular characteristics within the American concert. It presents an elderly aged pyramid population, high life expectations on new born child, good alphabetization indicators, a low rate of fecundity, one of the best indicators regarding infant mortality of the region, but even this way, cores of population have been consolidated, constituted by boys and girls who do not have real access to health´s professionals. From the Nursing Network in Infantile Health (OPS/OMS) specific interventions have begun with the aim to help to improve a reality that we cannot ignore(AU)

Priority setting in Ontario's LHINs: ethics and economics in action.

Healthcare organizations the world over are faced with having to set priorities and allocate resources within the constraint of a fixed envelope of funding. Drawing on economic principles of value for money and ethical principles of fair process, a priority setting framework was developed for Ontario's local health integration networks (LHINs) in late 2007 and early 2008. Subsequently, over an 18-month period, the framework was piloted in three LHINs. In this article, the framework and pilot implementations are described, results from a formal evaluation are outlined and recommendations for future use are highlighted.

[Setting up of a community/hospital network providing care for patients and their families]. / Mise en place d'une structure ville/hôpital de prise en charge des patients et de leurs familles.

With the ageing of the population, dementia has become a public healthcare priority. A network designed to help the families of patients suffering from dementia on a medical as well as a social and psychological level has been set up. This structure has been developed in close coordination with community practitioners and physicians and in line with the latest recommendations in particular with regard to ethics. Its first three years of existence confirm the importance of this type of approach which complements the care provided by hospitals.

Relações do cotidiano: a pessoa com transtorno mental e sua rede de suporte social / Everyday life relationships: people with mental health problems and their social network

O presente estudo buscou conhecer a vida cotidiana de egressos de hospitais psiquiátricos que foram reinternados num período inferior a seis meses. Teve como objetivos conhecer a rede social desta população e analisar suas possibilidades de inclusão social. Foi utilizado o conceito de cotidiano de Agnes Heller como referencial teórico e o conceito de Reabilitação Psicossocial como categoria analítica da pesquisa. Foram realizadas 22 entrevistas semiestruturadas com pessoas com transtorno mental reinternadas em hospitais psiquiátricos e seus familiares, buscando investigar o cotidiano desta população no período entre internações. As entrevistas foram então submetidas à análise do discurso, que revelou que os usuários encontram dificuldades de inclusão social mesmo quando fora do hospital psiquiátrico. Foram relatadas a dinâmica de exclusão e inclusão dos usuários no núcleo familiar e as possibilidades e apoios sociais encontrados na comunidade. Recomenda-se um cuidado especial na atenção aos familiares, o combate ao preconceito e a atuação dos serviços em saúde mental, para facilitar a participação dos usuários em espaços comunitários.

This study analyzed everyday life of patients who had been discharged from a psychiatric hospital and were readmitted in a period of less than six months. It aimed to know this population's social network and analyze their possibilities of social inclusion. The everyday life concept of Agnes Heller was used as a theoretical basis and the Psychosocial Rehabilitation concept was used as an analytic category. It comprised 22 semistructured interviews with people with mental health problems readmitted in a psychiatric hospital and their relatives, seeking explore the everyday life of this population in the period between admissions. The interviews were submitted to discourse analysis, which revealed that the users find difficulties in social inclusion even when they are outpatients, it expresses the users social exclusion and inclusion dynamic in the family and the possibilities and social support found in the community. It recommends especial attention to patients' family care, fighting prejudice, and the work of mental health services to facilitate the user participation in community spaces.

Lessons in collaboration, four years post-Katrina.

Four action researchers present a case study of a project conducted by members of a national family therapy organization and members of a local family therapy institute, which describes their efforts to collaborate with local disaster recovery workers 2 years after Hurricane Katrina. The aim of the collaboration was to create a local action research team to study best practices that strengthen resilience after disaster. The authors discuss choice points and dilemmas faced in finding collaborative partners and in clarifying what constitutes an invitation to work in a community. The case study illuminates tensions and understandings between outsiders and a community still facing the long-term effects of a disaster.

The ethics of Community Empowerment: tensions in health promotion theory and practice.

The concepts of community participation, empowerment and capacity building are central tenets of contemporary health promotion theory. They reflect the view that health and well-being are shaped by a wide range of social, economic, political and organisational forces that are outside the control of individuals.Despite its theoretical appeal, the practice of Community Empowerment is ethically contentious and can produce ethical dilemmas for health promotion practitioners. In this paper we relate these dilemmas to theoretical considerations, and argue that the empowerment of communities should be understood as a means rather than an end . This leads us to argue for the adoption of what we call a Reflective Equilibrium Community Empowerment approach, which draws on both "top-down" and "bottom-up" methods to help resolve the ethical tensions in health promotion programmes.